Battle of Sekigahara 1600 The battle between the Eastern Army led by Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Western Army led by Ishida Mitsunari. It settled Tokugawa rule. Meiji Restoration 1868 The series of changes in which the Tokugawa shogunate fell and Japan became a modern state centered on the Emperor. Taika Reform 645 Political reforms led by Prince Naka-no-Oe and others, said to have brought land and people under public control.